The Scarlet Letter By Jean Paul - 1373 Words

Emotions play a huge role in our lives. They control how we go about our day and feel toward loved ones. They influence our morals and ethics; they govern our worlds. How we feel dictates our outlook on the world. When one is sad and lonely, society, to him or her, is no longer sympathetic; life is hopeless and empty. â€Å"Like thunderclouds, in the distance they look black, over our heads scarcely gray,† says famous German Romantic writer Jean Paul. In addition, our emotions control our physical appearances, portraying, to the world, how we feel inside. For example, Arthur Dimmesdale from The Scarlet Letter looked â€Å"thin and white-cheeked† (183) when he felt guilty for his lustful sin. In fact, The Scarlet Letter clearly portrays how the emotions of its characters influence their perspectives and appearances, which is similarly represented in our lives today. The famous saying â€Å"actions speak louder than words† is true because our emotions are shown through our physical appearances. Our appearances allow emotions to be expressed. Arthur Dimmesdale is a very significant character regarding emotions and his appearance. His feelings seem to resonate when he acts and talks. His sermons, especially, portray his passion and excitement. According to the townspeople’s united testimony, â€Å"never had man spoken so wise, so high, and so holy a spirit†¦nor had inspiration ever breathed mortal lips more evidently† (203). In our world today, when someone is happy, they lookShow MoreRelatedBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pagesfall apart AF Ali, Monica Brick Lane AF YA http://www.themanbookerprize.com/search Alcott, Louisa May Little women JF Anderson, Laurie Twisted YA Anderson, M.T The astonishing life of Octavian nothing YA Atwood, Margaret The handmaid’s tale AF Auel, Jean Clan of the cave bear AF Baranay, Inez Pagan SF Barrie, J.M. Peter Pan JF Binchy, Maeve Circle of friends AF Boyne, John, The boy in the striped pyjamas AF YA Braithwaite, E.R. To sir with love SF YA Brashares, Ann Sisterhood of the travellingRead More An Analysis of Hawthorne’s My Kinsman, Major Molineux Essay3946 Words   |  16 Pagesunderstand his own reality in the absence of clear-cut facts. He wavers continuously between fantasy and reality. Hawthorne believed this ambiguity to be necessary to the writing of Romantic fiction. In â€Å"The Custom House,† the preface to The Scarlet Letter, he states that he was striving to achieve a â€Å"neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairly-land, where the Actual and the Imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other† (quoted in Hutton 94). In â€Å"MajorRead MoreNatural Dyes11205 Words   |  45 Pagespinks * 3.2 Oranges * 3.3 Yellows * 3.4 Greens * 3.5 Blues * 3.6 Purples * 3.7 Browns * 3.8 Greys and blacks * 3.9 Lichen * 3.10 Fungi * 4 Luxury dyestuffs * 4.1 Royal purple * 4.2 Crimson and scarlet * 4.3 The rise of formal black * 5 Decline and rediscovery * 6 Notes * 7 References * 8 External links | [edit] Origins Colors in the ruddy range of reds, browns, and oranges are the first attested colors in a number of ancient textileRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagespresence of motion. In his book Le Cinà ©ma et le temps.11 Jean Leirens develops a theory that, in the cinema, identification—closely linked to the impression of reality—may be in some ways a negative phenomenon. He supports this with Rosenkrantz s famous distinction12 between the character in the theater, who is an object of dissociation, and the film character, who is an object of identification. For his part, the French dramatist Jean Giraudoux 13 writes that in the theater one presents the

The Effects Of Dependence On High Dosages Of Benzodiazepines

As the Rolling Stones called them in their hit song, â€Å"Mother’s Little Helper†, â€Å"Mother needs something today to calm her down, and though she s not really ill, there s a little yellow pill, she goes running for the shelter of a mother s little helper, and it helps her on her way, gets her through her busy day†, benzodiazepines were and extremely common medication in the 70s and 80s and many households had their bottle of Valium. The dependence on high dosages of benzodiazepines such as Xanax and Valium are a major clinical concern. According to Michael Liebrenz of the University of Bern, â€Å"This form of dependence is not confined to users who exceed a set amount of diazepam equivalents, but is typically found in patients who have a high-dose, long-term and/or otherwise problematic use, such as mixing BZDs, escalating dosage, using BZDs for recreational purposes, obtaining them by illegal means, and/or experiencing negative social consequences† (Liebrenz, 2016, p. 1). So the problem is not only found in patients who take large dosages, but in patients who also abuse the drug, combine multiple types of benzodiazepines and other drugs, and purchase them illegally in order to be under the influence of a benzodiazepine. This is why, for the last decade, less and less prescriptions of benzodiazepines have been dispensed in the United States. However, â€Å"over the last 20 years the quantity of benzodiazepines on each prescription has increased† (Brett, 2015, p. 152). BenzodiazepinesShow MoreRelatedThe Drug And Therapy During The U.s. Withdrawal Treatment2024 Words   |  9 PagesHigh dosages of benzodiazepines creates a massive clinical concern as patients can be easily dependent. Benzodiazepines are an incredibly abused drug in the U.S. Withdrawal treatment is recommended; however, it is sometimes unsuccessful for a large portion of patients. While ceasing the administration the drug all at once can be incredibly difficult for the patient and often times detrimental to the patient’s health, tapering is recommended by most doctors for allowing patients to successfully beRead MoreDrugs and Society Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginating cell or be metabolized within the synapse. 2b. Differentiate between drug disposition tolerance, behavioral tolerance, and pharmacodynamics tolerance, and provide reasons why these concepts should be taken into account when determining the effects of a drug. Drug disposition tolerance is defined as the increase of the drug’s rate of metabolism or removal. The user may increase the amount of a drug taken due to the drug being metabolized too quickly or being removed from the body. A personRead MoreGabapentin Versus Lorazepam: Which Drug Is More Effective in the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal?1096 Words   |  5 Pageschallenge has been to identify medications that not only reduce the rewarding effects of alcohol, but the dependence, post cessation craving, and the withdrawal craving. Lorazepam and gabapentin have been used for the detoxification of alcohol dependent patients. Lorazepam is a type of benzodiazepine, an antianxiety medication. Gabapentin is a type of anticonvulsant drug originally used to prevent seizures. â€Å"Benzodiazepines represent the standard of care for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal† (MyrickRead MoreCategories of Primarily Generalized and Partial Seizures1191 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements or hallucinate (McKean, 2012). Plan The patient is admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Close monitoring for any refractory seizure activity, if seizure activity occurs and persists for five minutes or longer promptly treat with a Benzodiazepine preferably lorazepam or midazolam (Dionisio, 2012). While in the ICU T.L will receive valproic acid at maintenance dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg day given in eight hour intervals and is initiated six hours after the initial loading dose. Next, an EEGRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pagesdrug and will need to seek out more or higher dosages of the drug to obtain the same effect. When seeking out larger doses, and more of the opiods, the user will face an increased possibility of side effects. Some of the side effects when some abuses opiods are nausea, vomiting, restlessness, anxiety, diarrhea, respiratory problems such as slow or arrested breathing, lowered pulse and blood pressure, unconsciousness, coma, and even death. Long term effects of opiod u se that create the euphoria to withdrawalRead MoreAlcoholism Outline809 Words   |  4 Pages  Classification and terminology of Alcoholism A. Etymology II. History of Alcohol III. Signs and symptoms B.   Symptoms of long term alcohol misuse 1. Physical symptoms 2. Psychiatric symptoms 3.   Social effects C. Alcohol withdrawal IV. Causes of Alcoholism D. Genetic variation V. Pathophysiology VI. Diagnosis of Alcoholism E. Social barriers F. Screening G. Genetic predisposition testing H. DiagnosticRead MoreMerck, Sharpe And Dohme Corp1595 Words   |  7 Pagesdate: August 13, 2014 FDA rating: New Molecular Entity (NME) Standard drug approval (S) Many current sleep aides target gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the brain which can cause unwanted side effects like next day time sedation, rebound insomnia and physical or psychological dependence. Belsomra is being reviewed due to the unique mechanism of action focusing on efficacy and safety profile. Pharmacology and Indications Suvorexant is FDA indicated for insomnia (falling asleep and stayingRead MoreMedications Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesAnxiolytic/Hypnotic: Benzodiazepines: Valium (Diazepam), Librium (Chlordiazepoxide), Xanax (Alprazolam), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Clorazeptate (Tranxene), Estazolam (ProSom), Eszopiclone (Lunesta), Flurazepam (Dalmane), Lorazepam (Ativan), Oxazepam (Serax), Quazepam (Doral), Temazepam (Restoril), Triazolam (Halcion) Comment: These medications have potent anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, anti-convulsant and amnestic properties. When administered intravenously or in high doses, benzodiazepines may produceRead MoreADVANCE Individual and Group Counseling,Diagnosis and Assessment of the Addicted Client.4613 Words   |  19 PagesCounseling Methadone Clients Using Benzodiazepines And other Licit and Illicit Substance Case Scenario: Michael Doe is a 21 year old methadone patient. 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Han Date Free Essays

The sports intramural is one of the most awaited and important events in each school year. This is where students and teachers interact and cooperate in different sports. This Is an opportunity for the students to show their skills In deferent sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Han Date or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will also develop the unit, cooperation, sportsmanship and friendly fellowship among students of different grade levels. And most importantly, the students and teachers will enjoy to the fullest. Objectives: 1. To promote sports management. 2. To develop leadership among the students. 3. To improve the spirit of unity, cooperation and sportsmanship between the participants, 4. To encourage the students to engage In different sports and to be physically fit. Schedule: January 22-24, 201 5 Participants: High school students of Sacred Heart College from 1st year to 4th year. Sports Activities/Games: Dual Sports Team Sports Games Badminton. How to cite Han Date, Papers

Company Law Business Firm and Employment Act

Question: Discuss about theCompany Law for Business Firm and Employment Act. Answer: Introduction: Holding the power of a director in an organisation has got many crucial responsibilities associated with the position. Here the following case study explores two fine directors of Fine Homes Pty Ltd: Roger and Gerald; and their conflict of interest. Together, they have got powerful control and systematic synchronisation to act accordingly for the success of the company. In fact, they understand the concerned ethical duties performed by the directors such as diligence, skill, care, fixed purpose and strong faith. However, a strange breach of confidence had been observed between these two directors regarding their approach towards general duties enacted by the directors under sec98 of the Enterprise, business firm and Employment Act 2015[1]. Illustration of the Record It is impossible to judge without knowing the exact frame of condition and there is no law that can penalised without realising the exact state of affair conducted by these two directors. As both of them are brilliant with their approaches and they do realise the consequences of the breach under sections 171 to 177. It is mentioned in the case study that the two directors have got equal right to Fine Homes Pty Ltd and they are struggling to make it better and stronger due to the presence of other competitive business hubs, such as Homes-R-Us Pty Ltd. However, a little twist in the tale can magnify the real bond shared by the two directors, as it is been observed that Gerald is envious and feels insecure due to the high public profile and appreciation enjoyed by Roger. Gerald knows that Roger do have strong reputation and association in the business market and somehow it helps them to get prospective offers. Yet, Gerald had refused a great opportunity lucrative contract offered by Fut uristic Homes Pty Ltd due to the said insecurities mentioned in the case study. It is discussed earlier, that both of the directors have equal rights for the welfare of the company and cannot decide separately to establish commitment with Futuristic Homes Pty Ltd. However, Roger played his trick and got the contract for his own one person company. Now, here is the deal that delves further into the corporate law incorporated by the two directors to get Specific duties under the Companies Act, as their behaviours have raised conflicts of interest and that arena should get further analysis and that is referred below: Company contracts: a business contract is an imperative subject that contributes great help during the time of crisis. Each and every law had been mentioned to frame a perfect research copy for the concerned responsible bodies. When a director of some company signs with another company, he should realise his promises with the present responsibilities, because problems may arise if he is already restricted by the present organisation[2]. As a matter of fact, the situation still needs clarity as Roger entered into the contract with Futuristic Homes Pty Ltd under his own firm and also earned a profit of $1 million. Thus, it may reflect that the contract revised between Roger and Gerald does provide an estimated provision to a director to be a corporate sole under section 132[3]. It still necessary to mention the said role of contact to provide a better understanding to this research: The director of the said company should disclose the prospective proposal before signing with the associated members of the company The contract should have revised constitution that may allow the director to build any contractual bond with other party, otherwise that can lead to constitutional breach The other concerned shareholders should not have any right to make objection without revising the contract and also cannot take any legal action against the prospective venture The analysis of the said case study does not provide any fraudulent action by the two directors as the necessary amendments are not recorded to have a better understanding of the breach of confidence. Moreover, it is noteworthy to mention the requisition if breaches of directors duties are followed and they are: There can be grave consequences suffered by the director, if he would found guilty. He may receive civil or criminal charges and also face an outlined in s 184 of the Act. A company can take severe action if the breach of contract is manifested. Thus, the criminal standard of proof requires providing by the company to establish the standardisation as per common law. Even, they can also claim injunctions, equitable compensation, constructive trusts and rescission of contract. In case, the conflicts of interests raise fiduciary duties, the director may face courtroom sessions for many years Director and his Personal Liabilities When a company gets its registration process, there are many legal entities follow directly with innumerable terms and conditions. It has got ASIC deregisters to get liabilities, legal status, rights and property to organise the legal preparation for preventing future hindrance. The director of a limited company can enjoy his power as a shareholder and also obliged to pay in times of dire circumstances. However, his own personal resources are not required to prevent the company losses as that is not counted as per personal liability measures[4]. The key measures to get personal liabilities by the director are as follows: The loss of the company due to the breach of directors responsibilities The sustainability of the debt requires quick solvent measure Sometimes as per contract, a director can also support the financial crisis through personal assets[5] Fraudulent phoenix activity Beneficiary policies to define regulatory action The given case study is an unique frame that defines personal issues and conflicts between the board of directors, as it is already been observed that both the directors do share same interest and positive faith for the company and did whatever possible to pertain successful competition. Roger and Gerald, both of them tried to pursue with their company shares and also asserted the said goal by offering 100 shares to Joe. It is considered to be a huge market risk, but still they had successfully managed their strategy to bring their business on course. Here, we are talking about good faith and honesty shared by these directors in the interest of the company and so it is not very distinctive to understand their documented share of interest before claiming any conclusion. Maybe they share independent liabilities and restricted claiming to each others personal resources and also hidden consideration for each other. It is quite clear that the companys interest is directly correspondent to directors interest, but due to hidden insecurities and self-doubt of Gerald had caused negative imp-acts. There is no doubt that the offer proposed by Futuristic Homes Pty Ltd is quite advantageous and can prove great merger to earn profits, but due to envious interest of Gerald, had put off this provision. Thus in this situation where a director breach the duty to get proper consideration for the company, he may face charges and subjective test to justify his part of reasoning[6]. Thus to avoid conflicts of interest under sec 175, a director of a said company should avoid those conflicts that are directly linked with personal interest[7]. He should be strict with his moral reasoning and always motivate the interest of the company as there are many hopeful souls working to get living amenities. The exploitation of any opportunity, lucrative offers, assets or information by the directors can bring upon penalty and legal punishments. The responsibility of the directors should not in-fringed. According to the common law: sec 180, a director should authorise his decision for further clarification[8]. Legal Interference Thus, the action committed by Gerald is considered to be a criminal and civil offense, as he dissolved the lucrative offer, due to his personal issue. In this case, he is also subjected to punishment as per Australian securities and Investment commission. The provision introduced by the Corporation Act 2001, the director breach of civil or criminal act may ask various legal charges. The company suffered the loss because of the detrimental decision of Gerald and that represents him as a criminal as per section 184[9]. Conclusion There is being a corporations internal management policies within the organisation which guides certain duties and decision making policies by the directors. The corporation Act under section 134 suggests that the internal management should observe this breach of interest to protect distrustful intention of the directors. Surely, the intention of Gerald was against the interest of the Fine Homes Pty Ltd and that reflects the consequence of breach comes under Sections 171 to 177. However, it is difficult to authenticate the action implied by Roger without having further evidences and resources. References Ali, Hasani Mohd, Aishah Bidin and Jady Zaidi Hasim, "Inconsistencies Between Theory And Practice: A Preliminary Study On The Concept Of Directors Duties Under The Companies Act 1965" (2011) 18Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Ceil, Chenoy, "Director's Duties Under Companies Act 2006"SSRN Electronic Journal Gelter, Martin and Geneviive Helleringer, "Constituency Directors And Corporate Fiduciary Duties"SSRN Electronic Journal Miah, Md. Suhel, "Critically Examine The Seven General Duties Of The Directors Under Company Act 2006"SSRN Electronic Journal Moore, Colin R, "Obligations In The Shade: The Application Of Fiduciary Directors' Duties To Shadow Directors" (2016) 36Legal Studies Wei, Yuwa, "Directors' Duties Under Chinese Law: A Comparative Review"SSRN Electronic Journal Davis, John,A Guide To Directors Responsibilities Under The Companies Act 2006(2016) accaglobal https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-technical/business-law/tech-tp-cdd.pdf

The Hospitality Industry

Koran And Women Essays - Women In Islam, Quran, Feminist Theory

Koran And Women Essays - Women In Islam, Quran, Feminist Theory Koran And Women The Korans Attitude Towards Women The Koran is a book following the religion of the Muslim people. In it, many aspects of their ways of life and their attitudes towards different people are addressed. It mentions the strong feelings of the true believers towards Jews and Christians, however it gives a view of women that is taken two ways. A major part of their religion is the way women should be treated. This idea is a controversial topic as seen from a person that is not a true believer, or a Muslim. Conventional thinking brought out by the media have led non-Muslim people to perceive the treatment of women as suppressive. The Koran shows the reader both sides of the coin, and therefore, the reader must form an opinion of the way they thing women are treated. After reading The Koran, one would think that it belittles women, such as the way they are treated, and the role they play in society. However, with respect to their society habits, rituals, ways of life, and their religion, Muslim women are actually treated wi th more respect, and with more decency. The people of the book have very strict ideas about how society is to be run based upon their religion and culture. They are given certain rules and are expected to follow them. They have a proper understanding of how they are to live their life and how they are to treat other people. In the case of women, The Koran is very specific when it comes down to how they are to be treated and their role in life. Women shall with justice have rights similar to those exercised against them, although men have a status above women. As long as you are not a true believer, you will never really know what this exactly means. Obviously in The Koran, men have more rights than women. But then how is this statement to be understood? In The Koran, men and women have rights that are far more gender bias; men are guided more towards money and power, while women are guided towards a family and the home. It is a society in which the woman is in charge inside of the house while the man has more power outside . People would think of this as degrading towards women, but it is done to look after them. As a protection to women, men are forced to go outside of the house into the world that is cold and evil. They are told that they must do this everyday and bring home money to provide for their family and wife. The woman is to stay home in a safe place and take care of what she knows best. This is not mean to make women feel inferior but to make them feel safe and free from the world. There are many reasons why people believe that women are treated without respect in the Islamic nations. First and foremost, it says in The Koran that women may be beaten: Men have authority over women because God has made the one superior to the other, and because they spend their wealth to maintain them. Good women are obedient. They guard their unseen parts because God has guarded them. As for those from whom you fear disobedience, admonish them, forsake them in beds apart, and beat them. Then if they obey you, take no further action against them. (64) Many people see this as wrong, but why? It is clearly stated in the Islamic religion that women may be beaten if they are disobedience. Why then, would a woman do something defiant if she knows that she will be hurt? She should realize that she must be a true believer and not be insubordinate; and if she is, then she must realize that she did something wrong, and according to her religion, she must be punished. She will know that she has done something wrong, and unfortunately will get beaten; however, if she is smart, she will know not to do it again and obey her husband. Another point that is stated in The Koran is that if a woman feels like she is being treated unfairly by

Financial analysis of Morrisons and comparison with Tesco Coursework

Financial analysis of Morrisons and comparison with Tesco - Coursework Example Ratio analysis of an organization presents facts on a comparative basis and enables the drawing of inference regarding the performance of a firm (Khan & Jain, 2006). This analysis gives a useful indication of the performance of the organization. Financial ratios are often used by shareholders, bankers, trade creditors, analysts, management and the general public at large to measure the performance of the company in various aspects such as liquidity, profitability, debt and market position (Stoltz et al., 2007). However, these ratios often should be analyzed keeping in mind the accounting policies and the principles used by companies and is dependent on the industries under consideration (Siegel and Shim, 2006). The objective of this report is to analyze the performance of Morrison’s. In order to do this, ratios will be calculated for the company over a period of two years: 2009 and 2010. The ratios will be compared to Tesco which is a leading competitor in the same industry. F our categories of ratio will be calculated for both the companies: 1. Profitability 2. Liquidity 3. Efficiency 4. Gearing ratios Analysis Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios can be used to measure how good the company is using its assets and how well the company is controlling its costs to generate an acceptable rate of return (Gitman and McDaniel, 2008). The various profitability ratios are given below Gross Margin Gross margin can be defined as the ratio of gross profit to total sales. The graph below shows the trend of the same: As can be seen from the graph, the gross margin of Tesco is more than that of Morrison’s in the year of 2009. However, while the gross margin has increased for Morrison’s from 2009 to 2010 while the same has decreased for Tesco. One point to note here is the sales done by both the companies. While Tesco had sales of the order of ? 56,910m in 2010, Morrison’s had just ? 15,410m. This difference is an indication of the size of the two companies. It is evident that in terms of sales, Tesco is well ahead of Morrison’s. Profit Margin Profit margin of a company can be defined as: The graph below shows the trend for profit margin for both the companies: Here again, the margin is more for Tesco as compared to that of Morrison’s in 2009. While the profit margin has increased considerably from 2009 to 2010, the same has remained almost equal for Tesco. The higher profit margin of Tesco indicates that the company is having a better control over its costs as compared to Morrison’s (Investopedia). Just like the gross sales, the value of net profit of Tesco (? 2,336m) is almost four times that of Morrison’s (? 598m). Return on assets and investments While return on assets measure the amount of net income generated for each unit of assets, return on investment measures the amount of income generated from each unit of owners’ equity. Return on assets is an ideal tool for comparing compan ies within the same industry. RoA is an indication of both the profit margin as well as asset turnover (Needles et al., 2010). The graph on the side here shows the Return on Assets for both the organization. The RoA is almost equal for both the companies. This indicates that both the organizations have almost equal efficiency in utilizing their assets. The graph on the side here shows the Return on Investment for both the organizations. RoI is more for Tesco in 2009 which indicates better return on investor wealth. One issue being faced by Tesco is a reduction in the RoI from 2009 to 2010. This imply that the average profit generated from the amount of income generated from owner’

Ethical Issues in Mental Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethical Issues in Mental Healthcare - Essay Example According to the research "Ethical Issues in Mental Healthcare" findings, psycho-clinical situations are based on trust and clients share their sensitive information with the therapist and great responsibility of not unnecessarily sharing secrets of oneself with others lies on to the shoulders of the psychologist. Again right of privacy is more of an ethical convention than a rule because therapists in the light of their past and current experience came to know that if they do not respect the right to privacy of their clients then they do more harm than good. The Hippocratic Oath gets activated and therefore, psychologists, psychiatrists and psychosocial therapist should not indulge them in behaviors that hurt their society. Therapists face another challenge of telling the truth to their patients whereas, they do not have to hurt them to an extent where they decide to quit the therapy altogether. In modern psychology, therapists are guided to wait for the right moment, to tell the tr uth rather than telling it up front because it will do emotional harm to their clients. They are required to create a mutual understanding that the practice of therapy is being carried to increase patients’ quality of life and once patients realize that a psychologist is his or her last resort before self-harm (Teale, 1955) then he or she becomes susceptible towards the therapeutic intervention and finally, began to treat truth as a fact and before that all of them treat their real condition as a dream and as an illusion.

Contemporary Theories of political Economy Essay - 1

Contemporary Theories of political Economy - Essay Example his writings was that the shift of power and the resultant emergence of liberal democracy stifles further growth and advancement in human political organization. He contended to the notion that liberal democracy leads to the onset of the end of history as proposed by the nineteenth-century German philosopher Georg Hegel. He studied Hegel extensively by way of Alexandre Kojà ¨ve and came to the conclusion that the revolution of 1989 to 1990 proclaimed the end of history in the shape of triumphant liberal democracy (Kimball). By suggesting that the end of the Cold War marked the end of history, Fukuyama did not mean that it was an end to the big events; rather, his perspective bolstered the argument that the end of history was â€Å"an end to humanitys long ideological evolution toward a stable form of political organization† (Crawford 415). According to Fukuyama, if there is a growth of liberal democracy, coupled by its successful implementation in different places and acceptance by a wide range of people, and if human societies move â€Å"towards or converge on a single form of socio-political organisation like liberal democracy†, with no practical substitutes for liberal democracy, then the â€Å"[ideological] dialogue† has come to an ultimate and perfect conclusion. Fukuyama agrees with Kojà ¨ve that the end of history implies an end of wars and blood revolutions since humanity will not have any large causes to fight for (Forrester 28). The outcome of the Cold War was that liber al democracy was to become the sole form of government for all countries. In my opinion, the end of the Cold War did not mark the end of the history. The events that have unfolded during the subsequent years do not establish the Western liberal democracies as the absolute rulers of the world. Samuel P. Huntington came out as a direct opponent of the End of History. He was of the view that although liberal conflicts will not occur after the Cold War, there is a possibility of the occurrence

Compare and contrast the theories

Compare and contrast the theories Part I 1. Compare and contrast the theories and basic treatment models of Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck. Include a discussion of the structure, theoretical/philosophical positions, therapist activity, demands on the client, and empirical support. Albert Elliss basic treatment model is rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). The theoretical basis of Elliss model is that individuals routinely cope with life issues by reconstructing their beliefs, affect, and behaviors in adaptation to the problem (Ellis, 2000). While this psychological process seems like a positive way to adapt in regards to an issue, many individuals inevitably construct poor beliefs and behave in a repetitive and maladaptive manner. Meaning, that not only does the problem still exist in one way or another, but that the behavior, or more specifically the schematic agenda, created by this poor cognitive process only adds to a schema that is poorly built. In this regard, the future result of the next problem will be dealt with poorly all over again due to a lack of introspection of the past consequences or possibly simply due to a lack of individual skills. Additionally, REBT considers that most individuals bring about problems for themselves by creating personal imperatives (Ellis, 2000). These personal imperatives involve internal statements that include: I will perform well to gain others approval, my life should be trouble-free and enjoyable, and everyone should treat me well (Ellis, 2005). In this manner, when these expectations (demands) are not met, individuals create their own affective misery. In response to this, therapists using REBT are expected to use a more directive manner than when using a psychodynamic approach, for example. Clients are shown how to acknowledge and then dispute within themselves their irrational beliefs. In addition, therapists not only give the clients unconditional acceptance, but the therapist must gives themself Unconditional Self-Acceptance (aka USA) (Ellis, 2005). Becks Cognitive therapy rests on the principle of collaborative empiricism (Hollon Beck, 2000). Cognitive therapy theorizes that clients have automatic thoughts and that these thoughts are incorrect beliefs, therefore, they create maladaptive behaviors (Wenzel, Brown, Beck, 2009). A cognitive therapist would teach their clients how to think more like a scientist by showing them that their beliefs are not necessarily facts. Meaning, client would collect data from their issues, their behaviors, and their consequences, and pseudo-empirically test their possibly irrational beliefs. Within this process, the hope is that the automatic thoughts will be addressed and corrected. Though, Becks Cog ­nitive therapy is somewhat different than Elliss Rational Emotive-Behavior Ther ­apy (REBT). While they both have their basis in the processes of cognition and how those thoughts motivate behavior, one could argue that REBT uses the influence of logic reasoning to change the clients schema (Hollon Beck, 2000). Also, Becks Cog ­nitive therapy differs from REBT because there is an emphasis in the testing of beliefs in-vivo from an empirical point of view. In either type of cognitive-based therapy, there are a large degree of empirical data that supports how effective CBT is. In fact, there are studies that suggest CBT is more effective than medication for depression (McGinn, 2000). 2. The First Wave was behavior therapy. The Second Wave was Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The Third Wave includes the works of Hayes and Linehan. Is the Third Wave a wave, a tsunami, or just a gentle lapping at the shore? How are these waves different? The first wave, Behavior therapy, is based upon the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov. Behavior-based therapy considers the behaviors antecedent and reaction, then viewing how the consequence is processed to influence the occurrence and the repetition of the same behavior (Skinner, 1969). The second wave involves the addition of the cognitive model. This model is based on how interpretations or misinterpretations are created and how they eventually relate to the individuals affective experiences and the behavior that is manifested. (Wenzel, Brown, Beck, 2009). The combination of behavioral and cognitive aspects in this wave is the use of reinforcers that are directly related to personal experiences. Meaning, that the exposure of thoughts, reinforcers, and behaviors to the client will help in the realization of negative thought patterns in relation to their situation. Thus, in the true essence of CBT, they will be ab le to scrutinize themselves, the world, and the future. The hope is that the client will work, with the therapist, towards beneficial life changes. The third wave is its own wave. This wave of Cognitive therapy was developed as a consequence of the restructuring process of the second wave of Cognitive Therapy. As described by Linehan Dimeff (2001), Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT) was created due to the failures of standard Cognitive and/or Behavioral therapy. It is suggested that too much emphasis was put on change the of individual which resulted in an invalidation of the client; an invalidation of the ability of the client to succeed when they have, in their perception, failed so much already. Therefore, a large conceptual part of DBT is skills training of emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, mindfulness, and distress tolerance (Linehan Dimeff, 2001, p. 1). DBT purposefully takes into account not only the change that needs to occur cognitively, but also the in the moment affect of the client. Concurrently with DBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) was created by Steven Hayes as a psychological intervention that also uses mindfulness but has a spotlight on personal acceptance (Hayes, 2009). Hayes coins a term called psychological flexibility, in where an individual is able to fully connect to themselves in spite of the changing situations and personal mood. With this flexibility in mind, the third wave CBT and the mindfulness concept differs from traditional second wave CBT due to highly dynamic approach that is expected from the therapist towards the client. Maybe too simply put, 2nd wave CBT focuses highly on »Ã‚ ¿ cognition while DBT focuses more on behavior and skills (or lack of). Therefore, the central aspect of the new third wave CBT is helping clients review and accept their thoughts in order to alter the maladaptive automatic reactions they have been using to cope. CBT is not just how your cognitions effect your behavior, but an attempt to understand the complex interconnection of schemas that produce reactions in all areas of functioning including: affect, physiology, and behavior (Claessens, 2010). 3. From your reading and research what would be the main points of agreement and difference between: 1) CBT, 2) psychodynamic therapy, and 3) family systems therapy. While psychodynamic therapy and family systems therapy agree that human development is largely determined by significant interpersonal relationships, and that this understanding is crucial to treatment, CBT places greater emphasis on the individual. The main focus of CBT is placed only on the person in therapy, their schemas, automatic thoughts, and cognitive distortions (Freeman Eig, n.d.). Conversely, psychodynamic theory revolves around feelings and behavior being determined by interactions with others. Transference plays a key role in understanding present patterns of behavior which originated in previous attachment-based relationships (Leichsenring, Hiller, Weissberg, Leibing, 2006). Psychodynamic psychotherapy aims to identify problematic relationships from the past and to provide the client with a safe, therapeutic relationship, as well as helping them build additional positive relationships. While family systems therapy also works within the context of attachment-based rela tionships, the focus is on the relational dynamics taking place in the moment. Family and couples therapists work with all affected people, together and separately, in order to address intrapersonal and interpersonal dysfunction (Liddle, 2010). CBT and psychodynamic therapy both address the clients core beliefs, though how these beliefs were formed is not necessarily crucial to CBT based treatment. Family systems puts the focus on developing positive interactions between family members. Meanwhile, relationships in family systems therapy are already established and occurring in the present (Liddle, 2010). Psychodynamic therapy focuses on harmful relationships of the past and understanding them, but not always focusing on building positive relationships in the future. While both the CBT and Psychodynamic approach attempt to diminish psychopathological symptoms and grief, a very central difference between CBT and psychodynamic therapy is that psychodynamic therapy attempts to determine at why you feel or behave the way you do. Specifically, psychodynamic therapy concentrates on trying to uncover the deep and often unconscious motivations for feelings and behavior whereas CBT does not necessarily consider this a priority you cant see whats ahead of you when youre looking over your shoulder (Freeman, 1993, 2011). In practice, CBT attempts to lessen the clients suffering as quickly as possible training their mind to replace maladaptive thought patterns, perceptions, and conduct with helpful ones in order to modify behavior and affect. Part II 1. How is structure used in CBT? What is the purpose of structuring the sessions? What techniques would be used to achieve the structure for the therapy and for the sessions? Structure in therapy can have several meanings. Structure could mean the format of the therapy as a whole, whether it would be very brief, short-term, or long-term. Structure could mean the environment of where therapy takes place, such as in a hospital or in a private office. However, the most relevant and crucial meaning of structure within CBT is the structure of the session. 45-50 minutes a week is not a great length of time, so the structure of CBT in practice should be designed to be as efficient as possible. Each session should be a meaningful exchange between therapist and client. The therapists and clients collaborative goals should always be center stage, but the set agenda needs to take precedence. As Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon (1990) notes, spending a few minutes each session is an asset to the therapeutic milieu and is possibly the most valuable technique in creating a environment of progression instead of digression. A typical structure of a session as described by Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon (1990) involves: agenda setting, a review of clients current status, consideration of events of the past week, requesting feedback regarding previous session, review any homework from the previous session, a focus on main agenda issues, develop any new homework, and once again looking for feedback regarding current session (p.17). Taking into consideration how the client and therapist envision the sessions while creating a agenda allows redirection of the client when the discussion goes off the expect path, but also reduces the likelihood that the client will feel pushed around or invalidated (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990). Additionally, a client who is defensive, aggressive, or always in crisis may make the progression of the weekly session unstable when a joint program is not set (Persons, Davidson, Tompkins 2001). Therefore, the collaboration between client and therapist when setting the main agenda is essential. If this teamwork does not occur, in where the therapist decides completely the topic of the session, the client may not effectively grasp the meaningfulness of the session due to a lack of motivation because they do not feel involved. Additionally, a lack of review of the agenda with the client may also put the inexperienced therapist unsure of where to go next in the session (Persons, Davidson, Tompkins 2001). The termination of a session should not be an unexpected and sudden event for the client. A therapist must bring some sort of closure in relation to goals of the session while allowing sufficient time to address the ending of therapy and any issues the client still has. (Joyce, Piper, Ogrodniczuk, Klein (2007). Therefore, even with an opportunity for feedback about the previous session toward the beginning of a session, there should be a set time for feedback about the curren t session at the end of the therapy. In both instances, this time allows for a discussion of problems that may have occurred, such as errors in communication, misunderstandings, or general feedback from the client (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990). 4. How is Narcissistic Personality Disorder defined, assessed, conceptualized, and treated? How does a therapist deal with this resistant patient? Narcissistic Personality Disorder is defined by cognitive processes that involve selective attention of the meaning of events and dichotomous thinking (Freeman, n.d.). This dysfunctional internal thought arrangement is due to the postulation that the individual considers themselves as special, or just better than others. However, from a psychodynamic perspective, the definition of the disorder changes a bit. Ledermann (1982), describes the disorder as something of an opposite of an individual who considers themselves as special or has a proclivity to engage in self-worship, it is the inability to love oneself and hence the inability to love another personThey are fixated on an early defense structure which springs into being in infancy-when, for whatever reasons, there is a catastrophically bad fit between the baby and the mother, frequently compounded by the lack of an adequate father and by other inimical experiences in childhood. Babies, thus deprived, grow into persons who lack t rust in other peopleThey experience their lives as futile and empty, and their feelings as being frozen or split off (p.303). This psychodynamic perspective is a bit extremist and obviously over-analyzed. To say that the narcissistic individual is unable to love is akin to calling an individual with low self esteem a sociopath. On second thought, it has been noted that a narcissistic individuals is very similar to a sociopath due to a lack of empathy for others and no desire to do what is right (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990). Regardless, one could argue that the narcissistic individual really does suffer from low esteem. That maybe they are grasping at the straws of the world looking for someone to approve of them. The more likely reality is that on a day by day, second to second process, the narcissistic individual is looking for aspects of their lives and environment that feed or fit into their own schema of how great they are. This could also entail an ignoring of any evidence that goes contrary to their belief structure. Therefore, the treatment and the goal of therapy for the narcissistic individual is not to necessarily expose the cognitive flaws and the interpersonal manipulations that have occurred. Doing so would go against the foundation of the narcissistic individuals schematic structure and probably prematurely end therapy (Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, 1990). First, a realization of the difficulty that lies ahead must occur for the client and the therapist. There must be a observed equalization of power between the therapeutic alliance because preventing a power struggle is generally the first step that must be taken. Freeman, Pretzer, Fleming, Simon, (1990) allude to the idea that homework assignments may not be the best approach with these individuals due to the likelihood of noncompliance because of the patients belief that they are special. Instead the therapist must present the therapy to the client as something of great value to them instead of a type of humiliation (Freeman, n.d .). A resistant patient such as this is not only opposing to feedback or questioning, they see it as a fundamental aggressive criticism that attacks their very existence. Due to their innate response to invalidate a therapists statement or view, a therapist must be dynamic and hold an absolute positive regard towards the individual and appear to appreciate deeply what is stated by the client.

Public Policy Topic: Health Care :: Healthcare, Politics

Through the decades there have been many public policy topics in our society that have a very large impact on the county as whole. They are reasons why American have either prospered and have been set back into recessions. Health is one of the most talked about public policy topics. Health care is topic that affects local and state governments for many reasons. First of all, health care is insurance for people that are injured or ill. Each county has their own type of health care. There are many different types of health care organizations that are offered to people all over the world. Some of these organizations include: the health maintenance group, provider group, and a proposal that combines aspects from both the health maintenance group and the provider group. The most important type of health care insurance is a universal health plan. Universal health care is what will eventually save Americans a large amount of money and it will also guarantee that every American is insured. The number of uninsured citizens has grown to be above 40 million people. Health care is becoming unaffordable and we can eliminate wasteful inadequacies. A centralized national database can be established to make life easier for doctors, and medical professionals will only have to worry about the patience and not who’s paying for the medication for people . There are many people today who do not like the idea of universal health care and refuse to get it. America is known for having the best medical physicians and people are afraid that it will change drastically if we all share one universal health care plan. Also, if the insurance were to decrease in the universal health plan then taxes should skyrocket and therefore the money that is being saved will end up being used for taxes. According to â€Å"Should the Government Provide Free Universal Healthcare for All Americans?† Joe Messerli says that â€Å"The government must pay for this somehow† (Messerli). I agree with this because the government will need the money to fund for this universal health care plan. In a Universal health the patient can be responsible for some cost at the time of the consumption but the majority of the cost is covered by compulsory insurance and tax revenues. To provide health care services for the entire country requires a lot of funding tha t other governments acquire by taxation and also maybe from premiums for some of compulsory health insurance required of all citizens.

Quantitative marketing research Essay

A. Market study The researchers used descriptive method because the sudy needs detailed analysis and understanding of the proposed business. Survey questionnaires served as the research instrument in gathering information about the needs and wants of the target market so that demand and supply will be determined and analysed. The result of the survey will determine the feasibility of the proposed business. The researchers will make use of questionnaires that will be give to random by chosen respondents. The respondents of the study are the students of Saint Columban College. The researcher will use random sampling, by which random students is given an equal chance to be chosen as respondents. The survey questionnaire will be distributed to the students and they will be interviewed for further acquisition of significant information. In gathering data, the researchers will use the survey method by distributing the questionnaires in the main entrance, exit, and in the campus of Saint Columban College. The survey questionnaire will be submitted to the experts for validity and reliability purposes. After gathering all the data from the respondents, the researchers will tally the results and the total responses will be tabulated. The data will be interpreted and analysed to serve as the basis of the feasibility of the pizza haus. B. Human Resource Study The researcher will conduct a personal interview as an instrument of gathering data. The researcher proposed the type of ownership which is sole proprietorship for this type of organization. The company’s identification name and its structure were determined through sharing of ideas, opinions and suggestions by the researchers. The researchers will visit the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) for personal interview about the labor laws in the Philippines that must be observed in hiring employees, the right compensation of the employees, proper handling of employees and establishing operating policies. The researchers will also visit other business to gather information in recruiting personnel in the creation of organizational structure, the researchers will make use of their ideas and knowledge that they learned from human resource management. C. Socio-Economic Study The researcher will conduct personal interview to catch a relevant information for the socio-economic study. The researcher will visit the local government to gather information about the unemployment rate of Pagadian City and what would be the effect if this proposed business will be established in the community. D. Environmental study In this study, the researchers will take precautionary actions in the proper disposal of waste and the list of the possible effects or the impact of the business to the environment. The researchers will conduct personal interview to the local government officials to gather suggestions and idea on proper disposal of wastes created by JAS Pizza Haus. Also with respect of the Law, the proposed business will take some precautionary actions with the legal documents that is required to establish this business. E. Technical Study In this study, the researchers will use a set of questionnaires in order to gather information. The questions will be focusing on the suppliers for the operation of the business. The group will go to Pagadian City to visit the area and to inquire for a vacant space outside Saint Columban College campus for the location of the Pizza Haus. The researchers will also visit a pizza parlor to consult and inquire for the equipment needed for baking a pizza, the suppliers of the pizza ingredients especially the dough and the service processes of the business. Also, the group will canvass the prices of the plastic chairs and tables from plastic wares store, and lastly, the group will talk to the owner of the space’s terms and conditions in renting. F. Financial Study The researchers will conduct a personal interview from our adviser of this study and also from the CPAs for the means of gathering information of how much will be the capital needed for this proposed, and this capital will be taken from the investment of our proponent. Questions will focus on how much will be the cost of purchasing of those needed materials. The researchers will compute it properly to know the estimated budget for the overall initial investment of the proposed business.

The Satisfaction With Destination Quality Tourism Essay Essays

The Satisfaction With Destination Quality Tourism Essay Essays The Satisfaction With Destination Quality Tourism Essay Essay The Satisfaction With Destination Quality Tourism Essay Essay Travel and touristry particularly for the economic growing around the universe, have undergone different phases of development in the last few decennaries. One of the major challenges that face touristry directors is to understand the behavioural forms of tourers there is non much research that has been done to analyze the way between overall satisfaction, purpose revisit and recommendation to others in Sri Lanka. This survey uses Overall Satisfaction, Intention to Revisit, Intention to Recommend as the chief theory to explicate international tourers behaviour towards revisiting and urging to others Sri Lanka. However, the better anticipation and account of behaviour, uses ground action and satisfaction with finish theory. In fact, this theory is non exhaustively tested in Sri Lanka, the literature that helps to explicate the demand for this research, is reviewed and conceptual model and hypotheses are formulated base on the literature. 2.1 Reasoned Action The theory of reasoned action built on other research conducted by Fishbein and Azjen ( 1980 ) is designed to both, better anticipation and account of behaviour. This theory provides a model to analyze executing behaviour. Harmonizing to the theory, the most of import determiner of a individual s behaviour is a combination of attitudes towards executing the behaviour and subjective norms. The person s attitude toward the behaviour includes ; Behavior belief, rating of behavior result, subjective norm, normative belief, and the motive to follow. In this research dependant variable was behavior purpose to revisit and urge, which are indicants of whether a tourer to a plan, installation, finish will return and urge to his/her household and friends. 2.2 Satisfaction with Destination Quality Satisfaction has been treated as a one-dimension building, which varies along with positive images associated with the luxury hotel ( Mazanec, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to the theory Satisfaction with finish, tourer value is the grade of enjoyable fulfilment of their demand and wants, including the full scope of service and activities offered by the finish. ( Foster, 2000 ) . Every tourer finish is endowed with diversified physical and cultural properties along with the overall attitudes of tourers towards the finish and the complexness of service degrees. This holistic feeling created by the finish on tourers and how they are satisfied with attractive force, their dining experience, nutrient assortment, with the cordial reception of local people and service quality form the topic for research. Pulling on the consumer literature, it is excessively easy to presume that the results of the tourer activity are entirely the creative activity of the tourer operators/industry. However, it is possibly more informative to follow a transactional position outlined in the diversion literature. Here, the tourer actively creates the diversion ( tourer ) experience, through a dealing with the physical and societal scene, including what the recreationist ( tourer ) brings to the procedure in footings of history, perceptual experiences, comrades, accomplishments, equipment, individualities, hopes and dreams ( Williams, 1988: 432 ) . With this position, more accent is placed on the behaviour of the person and their function in making the experience. Not all the duty for making high degrees of satisfaction remainders with the service Jesus. With this in head, ( Cromptomton and Love, 1995 ) make a differentiation between quality of chance and quality of experience. Quality of chance is def ined as quality of the properties of a service that are under the control of a provider. Evaluation is concerned with judgements about the public presentation of the leisure chance provider. In contrast, quality of experience involves non merely the properties provided by a provider, but besides attributes brought to the chance by the visitant or recreationist. Quality of experience is a psychological result or emotional response. Satisfaction is measured by how good leisure activities are perceived to carry through the basic demands and motivations that stimulated the thought to take part in the activity ( Crompton and Love, 1995 ) . In this research, concerned tourers from different states how they perceived the properties and how satisfied or dissatisfied they are with attractive forces, nutrient and drink, shopping, and adjustment have been researched. 2.3 Overall Satisfaction Harmonizing to the disconfirmation paradigm, satisfaction is a comparing between public presentation and outlooks ( Oliver, 1981 ) . Although, harmonizing to Oliver ( 1999 ) this is a definition based on what the consumer does, and non on its psychological significance. Oliver has hence proposed, Satisfaction is defined as enjoyable fulfilment ( Oliver, 1997, 1999 ) . That is, when the ingestion fulfils some demand, desire, end or so forth and that this fulfilment is enjoyable. This position of satisfaction reflects its cognitive nature. Therefore, satisfaction is the tourer s sense that ingestion provides outcomes against outlooks and a criterion of pleasance versus displeasure. An facet related to satisfaction is when an effort is made to set up an emotional bond with tourers through the image of the finish, projecting emotional satisfaction and non merely through the basic demands, such as nutrient, remainder or enjoyment ( Chaudhary, 2001 ; Kandampully A ; Suartanto, 2000 ) . It has been therefore recognized that touristry satisfaction degree can be attributed to different finish attributes including touchable merchandises and intangible service quality and the friendliness of the local people ( Cromptomton A ; Love, 1995 ; Lounsbury A ; Hooper, 1985 ; Ryan, 1997 ) . Johnson, Anderson et al. , ( 1995 ) have distinguished between two different general conceptualisations of satisfaction: transaction-specific satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction. The former is concerned with satisfaction as an person, transaction-specific step or rating of a peculiar merchandise or service experience ( Johnson, Anderson et Al. 1995: 699 ) . Accumulative satisfaction, on the other manus, is a cumulative, abstract concept that describes client s entire ingestion experience with a merchandise or service ( Johnson, Anderson et al. , 1995: 699 ) . As a client s overall rating of the purchase or ingestion experience, cumulative satisfaction is the most relevant conceptua lisation when the focal point is on the tourer s rating of their overall experience at a finish. This is sometimes referred to as market-level satisfaction. The literature suggests that satisfaction measuring must be treated otherwise at these two degrees of abstraction. Furthermore, when sing consumer satisfaction with their ingestion experiences, a major differentiation has been made between the ingestion of goods and services ( Lovelock, 1991 ) . Measures of satisfaction are non the same for these different ingestion experiences, mostly because of the function of the consumer in the service brush. It could besides be argued that touristry is a special service in that, like diversion or instruction, it is mostly self-generated ( Williams, 1988 ) . The single plays a cardinal function in finding the experiences achieved and the benefits derived 2.4 Purpose to Revisit Purpose to revisit or reiterate travel and finish trueness are sometimes used interchangeably without distinction. Repeat purchase, a behaviour in kernel, is defined as any state of affairs where a individual buys the point in inquiry more than one time. Um, Chun A ; Young Hee ( 2006 ) defined that revisit purpose should be considered as an instigator of a revisit decision-making procedure instead than an end product of it. From a selling point of position, it is of import to the wellness of the finish s economic system, to improved and understanding of repetition tourers. It is indispensable to implement successful selling attempt by aiming them. An analysis of in-depth interviews of 17 respondents bespeaking propensity towards repetition trial showed five grounds that people undertake repetition travel ( 1 ) to cut down hazard by remaining at a familiar finish, ( 2 ) to cut down hazard by happening the same sort of people ( 3 ) to further research the finish, ( 4 ) to be emotionally attached to the finish, ( 5 ) to demo the finish to others ( Gitelson A ; Crompton, 1984 ) . Kozak, ( 2000 ) , and Tribe ( 1998 ) in a survey found that the degree of satisfaction was straight related to tourism rating of finish, rating of finish properties, which included the natural environment, physical attractive force, adjustment, eating houses, shopsaˆÂ ¦ and so on. Yuksel, ( 2000 ) found that both first clip visitants and repetition visitant normally regards quality of nutrient, quality of adjustment, as ground to come back. 2.5 Purpose to Recommend Previous research findings demonstrate that there is a important relationship between tourer satisfaction, purpose to return, and positive viva-voce communicating ( Beeho and Prentice 1997 ; Hallowell 1996 ; Pizam 1994 ; Ross 1993 ) . A similar relationship exists among tourist dissatisfaction, willingness to look for other finishs for farther trips, and negative viva-voce communicating ( Almanza, Jaffe, and Lin 1994 ; Peter and Olson 1987 ; Pizam 1994 ) . Satisfaction or dissatisfaction with old experience besides is important because it might impact outlooks for the following purchase ( Westbrook and Newman 1978 ; Woodruff, Cadotte, and Jenkins 1983 ) . This means that favourable tourer perceptual experiences and attitudes are potentially an of import beginning of competitory advantage. However, it besides is of import to observe that the impact of CS on repetition concern and client trueness is neither the same for all industries ( Fornell 1992 ) nor the same for all finishs world wide ( Kozak and Rimmington 1998 ) . The more they are likely to return the more they are happier to urge to others. In this research, it is of import because it demonstrates that tourers are likely to urge finishs with which they are largely satisfied and intend to see once more. After reexamining the literature, we can do the decision that recommendation the finish to others is their purpose to revisit. Furthermore research shows that service and quality leads to comprehend value, while both satisfaction and perceived value are direct ancestors of behavior purposes like revisit purpose or purpose to urge ( Baker A ; Crompton, 2000 ; Cronin, Brady, A ; Hult, 2000 ) . 2.6 Conceptual Model of the Study Purpose to Recommend Overall Travel Satisfaction Purpose to Revisit Figure 2.1 Conceptual Model of the Study 2.7 Hypothesiss 2.7.1 Overall Satisfaction and Intention to Recommend Furthermore, some of the surveies mention the current high degree of overall satisfaction with the tourer in New Zealand tell us that holiday appears to be mostly determined by the degree of satisfaction with the attractive force tourers have experienced. Therefore, there is considerable duty on the portion those who operate these attractive forces to guarantee that current degrees of satisfaction with their concerns are maintained or enhanced. This duty is peculiarly critical given that activities satisfaction is the vacation constituent that impact significantly on the likeliness of urging an of import factor in bring forthing favourable word of oral cavity promotion ( Danaher A ; Areweeiler, 1996 ) . H1: Overall travel satisfaction of tourers in Sri Lanka has a positive influence on purpose to urge. 2.7.2 Overall Travel Satisfaction Influence on Intention to Revisit Scott ( 1995 ) developed a touristry satisfaction theoretical account that is based on the cumulative of touristry experience. They found that overall satisfaction, purpose to urge and revisit is mostly a base on type of the benefit tourers experience during their visit. From the literature, mentioned above the undermentioned hypothesis is formulated. H2: Overall travel satisfaction of tourers in Sri Lanka has a positive influence on purpose to revisit. 2.7.3 Purpose to Recommend and Intention to Revisit If touristry merchandises and services match tourers outlook, they would be satisfied and leave the finish with a loving memory. That is why touristry service suppliers at a finish are determined to please or surprise their visitants in order to heighten their satisfaction. Scott ( 1995 ) developed a touristry satisfaction theoretical account that is based on the cumulative nearer of touristry experience. They found that overall satisfaction and purpose to urge and revisit are mostly a map of the types of benefits tourers experience during their visit. The concept of future behavioural purpose Purposes to urge or to revisit are both indexs of trueness ( Bigne, Sanchez, A ; Sanchez, 2001 ) . Furthermore, Rimmington ( 2000 ) found the of import relationship between overall satisfaction and tourers purpose to urge others. Therefore, base on the treatment above the undermentioned hypothesis is formulated. H3: Whether there is positive relationship between purpose to urge and purpose to revisit.

Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz

Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz Summary When reading the book Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz, the main driving thesis behind the book immediately presents itself in the form of a question which is: what is war?. Waltz answers this question by postulating the the origin of war comes from within man, the inherent structure of separate states and due to the very state system itself (Waltz, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He refers to the aforementioned causes of war as images of international relations and views them from either a singular or collective perspective from which he ascertains how each image interacts with the other which ends up resulting in the occurrence of war. Waltz claims that it is this interaction between the various images which is the main cause of war due to variances in methods of thought, thinking, relations and other variables whic h create either positive or negative effects. It is at this point that Waltz attempts to analyze whether it is possible to create a world that is devoid of war or if war itself is an inherent aspect of mankind which will never truly go away (Waltz, 2001). Upon further reading it can be seen that the ideas of Waltz are heavily influenced by the ideas of realism and neo-realism wherein he states that the anarchic international system combined with self interested states (which is one of the claims of realism) actually prevents the creation of a peaceful global environment due to factors related to competition and mutual distrust. In the end Waltz states that the only method of resolving the current dilemma of war is if a single world government was to be created which addresses the individual concerns of each state. Unfortunately such a situation requires each state to give up their much vaunted sovereignty which would be highly unlikely resulting in peace being applicable in theory h owever being unattainable in practice (Waltz, 2001). Examination of the Veracity of the Sources Utilized When going through the entirety of the text it can be seen that Waltz synthesized the views of Hobbes, Mills, Rosseau, Kant, Spinoza, Kant, Smith and a variety of other known experts in the field of international relations in order to formulate the arguments present within his book. The sheer amount of views and in-text lifting from other authors lends the work a certain degree of veracity in terms of the accuracy of the arguments and how they conform to current methods of thinking regarding the current state of conflict within international relations and its origins. As such, in terms of its use of sources I find that there are no problems whatsoever.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of the Text The main strength of the work of Walsh comes from it s use of prolific body of historical knowledge and thoughts from various experts in international relations tht formed the foundation of his work. Yet, despite this abundance of literature it must be noted that Waltz fails to think out of the box so to speak when it comes to examining the causes of war and instead single mindedly focuses on the images of international relations that he had brought up at the start of the text as the main causes of war. There are other factors that he neglected to take into consideration such as religion (which was why the historic crusades were started and one of the contributing factors behind the ongoing conflict between Israel and several Arab states), ethnicities (as seen in the current ethnic conflict between Sunni and Shiite Muslims which has led to various uprisings in the Middle East), economic factors (as seen in the case between the U.S. and Japan when the U.S. cut of supplies of much needed resources to Japan which sparked the bombing of P earl Harbor and brought the U.S. into the Pacific theater), historic alliances (seen in the case of World War 1 wherein the balance of power system and historic alliances in effect brought numerous nations into the war) (Vassalo, 2003). Lastly, the fight for resources has been an ongoing theme within human history which Walsh neglected to elaborate on yet has been growing in relevancy due to factors related to growing population rates, global warming and an assortment of other factors which has further exacerbated this growing point of contention (Betts, 1999). Furthermore it must be noted that Walsh had a habit of framing the motivation of man in relatively black and white nature (i.e. good or evil) which is an over implication of how people thinking and act. While the book itself is great basis from which one can learn about the origins and causes of war, it focuses too much on the various arguments of historical thinkers without sufficiently examining other factors which influenc e the start of wars. Conclusion Overall, it can be stated that the work of Waltz is a great attempt at explaining the origin of war yet, based on the critique of the text, it can be seen that the concept of war is too broad to be defined within the parameters defined by Walsh and constitute far more factors than what was elaborated on. Reference List Betts, R. K. 1999. Must War Find a Way?. International Security, 24(2), 166-198. Vassalo, A. W. 2003. Man, the state and war: A Theoretical Analysis (Book). Military Review, 83(1), 68.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Man, the State and War by Kenneth Waltz specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Waltz, K. 2001. Man, the state, and war: A theoretical analysis. (pp. 1-284). New York: Columbia Press.

Video games for children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Video games for children - Essay Example In earlier days, when children did not have video games to play with, they often spent time playing outside their homes, with their friends and family members. They spent time reading and inculcating various hobbies and habits that helped them to pass time as well as develop varied interests in different fields. Video games had never been a part of that period or culture for people. A few games did begin to develop with the advent of the 90s but during that time they were far too expensive to be affordable by the common man. It was for this reason that parents and children alike were able to spend time together and interact with each other. As video games started becoming a part of children’s’ lives, parents began to complain that children were not giving them enough time, or putting in much effort into their homework from school. (Norcia, Andrea) Video games popularized themselves in the 90s with a number of games like Super Mario and Tetris forming the lead into taking children into the virtual world. Instead of running around and gaining some physical exercise, children now began to move joysticks sitting in one place for hours at an end, making the characters within the game run and jump around. Today, there are millions of different video games produced all around the world as children have become completely addicted to playing them in an attempt to reach higher levels every time.

QUESTIONS Thoroughly read Chapters 7 through 10 of the Policy Issues Essay

QUESTIONS Thoroughly read Chapters 7 through 10 of the Policy Issues textbook, and then prepare an annotated bibliography for - Essay Example Scientific research and understanding creates practical technological applications which in turn require institutional implementation and management which in turn lead to more technological change as specific implementations are made which in turn leads to more scientific change. Therefore, science and technology policy have to bear in mind that innovation is more complex than a simple model of science and technology leading to innovation. Metcalfe moves on to distinguish between types of policy and innovation, such as academic scientific research versus practical technology, and further notes that despite their dialectical interrelationship, science and technology are different things. Finally, he ties this in with economic policy. Freeman, C. 2002, â€Å"National Systems of Innovation†, Policy Issues for Business, ed. Vivek Suneja, Sage Publications Ltd. Freeman expands on the analysis made by Metcalfe by noting that innovation is inherently dynamically social: No firm innov ates on their own, and technology and science are best done in systems of shared, free inquiry. Networks of governmental, scientific, educational, business and NGO innovators produce innovation over time. Freeman notes that the Friedrich list, a system whereby Germany specifically tied industrial and technological policy in the arena of education, was highly efficacious. He also notes that in Japan, R&D and business are tied together specifically, while in Russia, R&D and enterprise were often quite distinct. However, he does note that the Soviet Union's R&D and scientific research was not bad by any stretch of the imagination: They focused on arenas like mathematics, military innovation and space travel. This indicates that the priorities of national policy have direct and indirect results on atmospheres of innovation and creation. Freeman concludes by arguing a) regional and local factors will remain important in any technology and innovation policy no matter how globalized and in tegrated the world becomes, and b) Britain's experience should lead policy-makers to conclude that while learning by doing and interacting are important, innovations needs to be stressed at a systemic level. Porter, ME. 2002, â€Å"The Competitive Advantage of Nations†, Policy Issues for Business, ed. Vivek Suneja, Sage Publications Ltd. Porter continues in Freeman's vein by analyzing what makes nations competitively advantageous in the global marketplace. Strong investments in science and technology, a skilled workforce, government support and culture are all good elements, unsurprisingly, but Porter argues that in fact challenges can be opportunities. A country facing competitive challenge at home and abroad, difficult and selective customers, and aggressive suppliers will be highly effective if it can survive the challenges and weather the storm. Aside from noting the influence of national playing fields created by national policy, Porter also recommends that firms, even i f they are local or nationally oriented, should adopt a global perspective and strategy, and should move towards trying to sell under their brand name globally and control their business directly even on the global level rather than using middlemen. Porter also notes that, since markets change so rapidly, they are likely to obviate and make advantages obsolete, so companies need to treat even presently relevant advantages as soon likely to be obsolete

Steam Linux OS effect and their golden chance to overtake Windows Essay

Steam Linux OS effect and their golden chance to overtake Windows position in business computer industry - Essay Example Therefore, this fact gives a positive impact to the Steam and Linux OS industry that attract the gamers because it provides a practical service for the gamers and people in the world. Valve as one of the biggest firm in computer gaming industry started to urge people to use Linux OS because of the steam software. Valve realized that people love to be always practical these days, and that Steam provides it all by having many game tools in their system. People can buy million types of games, and upgrade their patches by only having a simple account and a Steam program. Therefore, it makes gamers and people’s life easier because they do not have to surf the website to find the game they need, and sometime the random website can get the computers infected by some spywares, and other viruses. Furthermore, they just can purchase it through this system online without going out to the stores to buy computer CD and install it. However, Valve has to make sure that Linux OS will keep up the quality of the Steam; otherwise, people may run back to Windows if there are no improvements from the recent system. Analysis and Critique: A Golden Chance for Linux OS Every individual need entertainment in their life, and I believe that every single person has ever played games in their life. This is because humans love games; in addition, people are having a strong bond to the world of information technology nowadays. Technology and especially computer or laptop supports the largest part of their life now, which plays a crucial role in people’s life. Individuals prefer to seek the most effective way or practical way for their life nowadays; in addition, they tend to spend more money, and do less effort for a service (Stahie, 2013). Most of the people in the current generation are fond of staying in their houses and use their credit card to purchase what they want from their own computers. Hence, they can have that service from Steam that provides a practical way to pur chase and downloading games. This Steam system services gives the positive impact to Linux OS because people start switching from windows to Linux OS; on the other hand, it inversely affects the other company firm such as windows. On the positive side, if they can improve the performance of Steam system it could be another invention to make the gamers life more practical. However, if we look on the negative side of this invention, sometimes it is dangerous if people cannot control themselves to spend an equal time in playing games and in their real life activities (Stahie, 2013). There are two big firms today in the computer business enjoying a great popularity in the society, as they provide great services in the technology industry. One of the largest businesses that they have is in gaming entertainment, as over a million people are addicted to computer online gaming today. Computer firms use this fact to generate profit for them. A decade ago, Windows led the computer gaming indu stry, back then people could install a CD that had 4-5 games of Valve, Half Life, and they could connect to the Internet and play online with other gamers. Thus, though founded 16 years ago by a couple of refugees from Microsoft, Valve make games that wild-eyed fans play until their thumbs hurt and dawn jabs through the curtains†(Wingfield, 2012). Sixteen Years ago Valve and Half Life worked together with Windows to create a game system that could entertain computer gamers effectively. In addition, there was

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Essay Today we can not question the realism of the climate change because the evidences of its effects to nature are already manifesting. The melting of the ice in north pole; the hurricanes this past years; the recurring drought; extreme weather changes; the rising of sea levels; and, the strong typhoons are only a few of these evidences. Even if we continue to ignore the threats associated with climate change, we can not deny nor alter the fact that it’s really happening. Despite the global buzz about climate change and its consequences, many individuals are still unaware of this phenomenon. So what then is climate change? How does it affect the planet we are living in? What can we do to alleviate this problem? Giving light to these aforementioned questions is the aim of this part of my paper. The climate of the earth is continuously changing but these changes are minimal and are often due to natural etiologies. However, recently the activities of mankind have brought about rigorous alterations in the earth’s climate. The recognition of these alterations of the earth’s climate led to the establishment of the climate change phenomenon. Today, the term climate change is used to refer to the massive modifications of the earth’s climate due to human activities. Climate change is the alteration in the normal pattern of the weather of an area over a period of time. This phenomenon is the manifestation of the irregular deviations from the usual climate inside the atmosphere of the Earth as well as its effects on the other components of this planet like the ice caps. The period of time involved in climate change can vary from a few years to millions of years (GreenFacts). Climate change is brought about by the amplified concentration of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere. CO2 is the greenhouse gas that is abundantly released into the earth’s atmosphere. The high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent the normal mechanism of solar energy retention in the earth’s atmosphere as well as its reflection back to the space (outside earth’s atmosphere). In short, these so called greenhouse gases causes heat from the sun (solar energy) to be trapped within the earth’s atmosphere increasing the normal temperature of the earth (GreenFacts). The greenhouse gases that are significant factors in the occurrence of the climate change phenomenon are emissions of human activities like fossil fuel burning for energy purposes; forests burn-offs; and, change in the usage of land. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary reason for the presence of extensively high carbon dioxide levels in the earth’s atmosphere. Prior to the start of human utilization of fossil fuels the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was 280 parts per million (ppm). However, at present the CO2 concentration is raised to 390 ppm. Each year the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increases by 1-2 ppm (GreenFacts). The consequences of climate change include the following: increasing seawater levels; melting of snow and ice in the mountains and polar regions; increasing occurrences of heat waves; drought; changes in the wind patterns; ocean salinity; escalating intensity of tropical cyclones; and, heavy precipitation. The climate change has enormous impact on the lives of humans and animals; the infrastructures; and, the environment. The production of food is highly affected by climate change and can cause intensive hunger in many of the world’s population if not alleviated. Various ecosystems have been destroyed such as coral reefs due to warming of the seawater; mangroves affected by drought or soil erosion; and, plant and animal species lost due to forest fires. The occurrence of more disease epidemics and malnutrition are likely if extensive action is delayed. In order to stop climate change, the greenhouse gas emissions should be decreased to significant levels if not eradicated. In line with this goal, various countries have instituted policies regarding the lowering greenhouse gases release into the atmosphere. There are policies that were agreed upon and adapted by various countries but the individual countries around the world showed varied efforts in handling this problem. II. Potential policies that can address climate change There are many potential policies that can be instituted to alleviate the harmful effects of climate change and in this paper three policies will be discussed. These policies are transportation efficiency; biofuels utilization; and, carbon capture from coal power plants. Transportation efficiency is a significant policy to alleviate the climate change dilemma. This is because the transportation sector (which includes passenger cars, aviation, rail road transport vehicles, and navigation) mainly utilize petroleum product fuels that is a considerable source of carbon dioxide emission. Transportation efficiency policy focuses on increasing the diversity of fuels utilized and upholding the effectiveness of the transport systems. This policy can reduce the CO2 emission through the following strategies: promoting the usage of fuel efficient vehicles; lowering the road vehicle jamming; promotion of mass transit systems; and, advancing the efficiency of existing vehicles (Barry et. Al. , 2008). The lessening of road vehicle jamming will have a significant impact on the CO2 emission reduction because vehicles stuck in traffic jams continuously combusts fuel and release CO2 in the atmosphere. Thus, smooth road travels mean deduction in the fuel utilization and also decrease in the emission of CO2. Another aspect that will be promoted in the transportation efficiency policy is the passenger’s greater usage of light rail transport. Light rail transport systems utilize other forms of energy producing mechanism in their operations which means less fuel combustion and less CO2 emission. Since the transportation sector is among the primary emitters of CO2 in the atmosphere The term biofuel refers to renewable energy sources that are produced from biomass (crops purposely planted for biofuels production or plant materials from agricultural and industry wastes). The usage of biofuel as source of energy gained popularity because of its renewable nature. It is widely known as a solution to the diminishing fossil fuel supply. Recently though biofuel is considered as potential solution to the reduction of CO2 emission in relation to the alleviation of climate change. Thus, biofuels utilization policy does not only benefit the economy but most significantly it will benefit the environment. Biofuels usage aides in the lowering of CO2 in the atmosphere through replacing the fossil fuels as energy sources and absorption of CO2 present in the atmosphere. The latter occurs when crops are purposely planted to be used as biofuel materials. Plants absorb atmospheric CO2 for their growth. Thus planting biofuel crops means absorption and reduction of atmospheric CO2. Also, the production of biofuels from biomass does not produce significant amounts of CO2 (U. S. Department of Energy, 1999). The various roles that biofuels can play in the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere verify the significance of biofuels policy in combating climate change. The coal power plants are also among the significant emitters of CO2 in the atmosphere. In United States alone, coal power plants contribute to 85 percent of the greenhouse gases released by the power sector (Geman et. al. ). Despite the high CO2 emission of coal power plants, it is still continuously used as the primary source of energy in countries like U. S. because no alternative energy source has yet been able to surpass its economic benefits. The high CO2 emission of coal power plants can be solved by the implementation of carbon capture policy. The installation of carbon capture system in coal power plants has been done in various countries. Among the pioneers of carbon capture system usage is the Elsam coal-fired power plant in Esbjerg, Denmark. The usage of carbon capture system among coal power plants can greatly reduce the carbon emission into the atmosphere without compromising the price of the electricity. III. The best policy option to address climate change In my point of view, the best policy option is transportation efficiency. This is because the realization of this policy’s goals will not only help in the reduction of carbon dioxide release in the atmosphere but will also ease the travel experience of passengers; reduce the transportation costs; and, safeguard public health. The transportation sector is the third major emitter of CO2 in the atmosphere. Thus, ensuring that the transport sector emits significantly reduced amounts of CO2 is equivalent to decreasing a huge percentage of the total CO2 emission. The transportation efficiency policy though has a high complex nature because it encompasses infrastructures like road and light rail stations; vehicle manufacturing; traffic regulations; and, fuel policies like alternative fuels. The complexity of these strategies needed for the transportation efficiency policy implementation though is worth all the effort because of this policy’s vast benefits. The dilemma on climate change though can not be alleviated by the implementation of only one policy. The complexity of this problem necessitates the execution of various policies and strategies as well as cooperation of all the nations around the world. Even though some countries already practice methodologies to combat this problem, if other countries will not reduce their greenhouse gases emissions the problem will continue to get worse. A unified action the nations of the world is needed to significantly resolve climate change. Works Cited Barry, J. and Allen, A. M. Survey of Policies and Programs that Promote Fuel-Efficient Transport in APEC Economies. 2008.Alliance to Save Energy. 25 March 2009. Geman, B. and Gronewold, N. Coal-Fired Power Plants Will Need Better Carbon Capture and Storage Technology. Scientific American. 25 March 2009 http://www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=coal-fired-power-plants-carbon-capture Greenfacts. Scientific Facts on Climate Change. 2007. IPCC. 25 March 2009. http://www. greenfacts. org/en/climate-change-ar4/climate-change-ar4-greenfacts-level2. pdf U. S. Department of Energy. Biofuels: A Solution for Climate Change. September 1999. http://www. nrel. gov/docs/fy99osti/24052. pdf

Theory Of European Integration Politics Essay

Theory Of European Integration Politics Essay Many theories on European integration have emerged after the terrible events of World War II. They tried to explain how political actors in distinct national settings will shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities in order to unify and create a stable political and economic alliance throughout the Europe. (Haas, Ernst B., 1968: The Uniting of Europe. 1950-1957. Stanford: Stanford UP, p. 16). The main theories at that time were Functionalism, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, Liberal Intergovernmentalism and Federalism. In this essay most competing theories revolving around the process of European Integration will be compared. They are the Liberal Intergovernmental approach created by Andrew Moravcsik and Neo-Functionalism was developed by Earns Haas. I agree with Liberal Intergovernmental theory of European integration as it provides a more useful utility to explain the creation of the community and how various actors behave within the European system compar ed to Neo-Functional approach. LI is also better, because it has achieved this dominant status due to its theoretical soundness, empirical power, and utility as a foundation for synthesis with other explanations regarding regional and European Integration (Moravcsik, Schimmelfennig 2009: 67). This statement will be further developed by contrasting main assumptions of these theories, as well as observing causal relationships in political facts in case of the Single European Act (SEA) which happened in the process of establishing a union amongst European countries (Sabine, George H., 1968: A history of political theory. London: Harrap, p. V). The largest discourse in theorising European Integration happened around two theories Neo-functionalism and Liberal Intergovernmentalism. Neo-functionalism was created in the mid-1950s. The main thinker was Earns Haas who developed this theory in his work The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (Cini 2004, p. 81). He tried to find out how regional cooperation and development were linked to the integration in Latin America and Europe. However later, the theory became associated with the European Union, since economic and political integration was much more developed there, compared to Latin America (Cini 2004, p.83). Before the creation of Intergovernmentalism, Neo-functionalism (a pluralist theory) seemed to provide a better explanation of the European Integration (EI). It explained how and why they (states) voluntarily mingle, merge and mix with their neighbours so as to lose the factual attributes of sovereignty while acquiring new techniques for resolving con ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ict between themselves (Haas 1970: 610). The most prominent ideas of neo-functionalists were the spillover effects which push the EI, as nation states are interdependent. They also stressed importance of non-state actors in international politics. Haas argued, that they way in which countries behave on international arena was a direct outcome of a pluralistic political process. Other actors, like institutions within the state and interest groups influenced decisions of the government. This fact shaped the way the states behave, thus shaped the European Integration. Neo-functionalists often use activities of multinational corporations to show how various non-governmental actors shape international politics. But the prime example to prove the assumption, that non-state actors are very important in EI is the European Commission. As it was considered to be in unique position it is a non-state actor, it can shape both international and domestic pressures on governments of European states to promote the EI, despite the fact that some governments might not look forward to collaborate. This way Neo-Functionalism places major emphasis on the role of non-governmental actors; governments are important actors in the process as well. Neo-Functionalism view spillover as a driving force of the EI. Broad political integration derives from economic integration between the states which is the cause of close cooperation in particular economic policy sector. This process can be understood by a concept of spillover, as explained by Lindberg (1963: 10): In its most general formulation, spillover refers to a situation in which a given action, related to a speci ¬Ã‚ c goal, creates a situation in which the original goal can be assured only by taking further actions, which in turn create a further condition and a need for more action, and so forth There are several types of spillovers in NF theory. The main are the political and functional. The functional spillover may be explained as a situation where integration in one economic sector will foster integration in other policy areas. So functional pressures are created for further integration within and beyond that policy area. As a result, economies of nation states will entangle. As integration expands social interests will change towards supranational centre and the need for further European institutionalisation will arise (Rosamond, Ben, 2000: Theories of European Integration. Houndsmills: MacMillan, p. 51-52). As a result of functional spillover, it can be seen that industrial economies are interconnected. So it is not possible to separate one policy area from another. This implies a political spillover which is involved in creating political pressures in order to promote integration in states involved in functional spillover. As soon as one policy area is created, various actors interested in its development will seek ways in which they can have influence at the supranational level. As for example, the development of ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) will make consumer groups, trade unions and lobbysts from coal and steel communities to switch from national governments to the new supranational agency the High Authority. Later on actors will appreciate the benefits opened to them as a result of the integration. They will further advocate integration to eliminate barriers imposed by governments prior to integration. the process of community formation is dominated by nationally constituted groups with speci ¬Ã‚  c interests and aims, willing and able to adjust their aspirations by turning to supranational means when this course appears pro ¬Ã‚ table(Haas 1966: xxxiv). Based on Hoffmanns work, which criticised Neo-functionalism, Andrew Moravcsik created an improved version of the integration process explanation. To prove that the new Liberal Intergovernmental approach is better it is important to fully understand its theoretical basis. Liberal Intergovernmental (LI) theory tries to explain the process of European Integration. It starts by recognising political actors and trying to find which roles did they take during the Integration. In order to agree or disagree with the theory it is essential to understand who the actors are and what they do. LI theory emphasises the national governments being the most important actors. I agree with this point, as I find that the state governments are the main drivers of integration compared to supranational actors and institutions as Neo-functionalism argues. States achieve their goals through intergovernmental bargaining. But they only negotiate, if their national interest is concerned. It may be observed that this way national governments are the most powerful drivers of the European Integration, as they control the pace and deepness of unification with other countries. The reason for the power lies in the nature of the state government. All of the members are democratically elected, which makes them unique in the integration process. The governments also possess legal sovereignty. Taking into account facts and assumptions of Liberal Intergovernmentalism it could be seen that this explanation of integration process is more elucidating. Liberal Intergovernmentalism implies that states are rational. It means that the state government will closely examine all the possible options given in any question which concerns their national interest. Then it chooses the one which maximises profit for the state, thus satisfying the national interest. In The Choice for Europe (1998), Moravcsik explains how governments operate together. It is based on two assumptions of LI theory: a) states are the most influential actors; b) states are rational in their actions. Firstly, they state what is the most important for their nation (preferences), and then they bargain and negotiate with other governments to achieve a most effective consensus for both. In third place, they order the existent supranational institutions or create new ones in order to ensure that their decisions will be implemented and secured afterwards. (Moravcsik / Schimmelpfennig p.70f) It may be seen that LI theorists do not deny the existence of other actors institutions, bodies and interest groups (for example civil servants and officials within the state) in their explanation of integration. These actors could also affect the process and decisions made, but their influence is rather marginal in the creation of global international system. Neo-Functionalist theory emphasises how important the role of them are, but these national and supranational actors do not play a significant role in European Integration as they are merely used by national governments only when the latter pursue national interest.