Steam Linux OS effect and their golden chance to overtake Windows Essay

Steam Linux OS effect and their golden chance to overtake Windows position in business computer industry - Essay Example Therefore, this fact gives a positive impact to the Steam and Linux OS industry that attract the gamers because it provides a practical service for the gamers and people in the world. Valve as one of the biggest firm in computer gaming industry started to urge people to use Linux OS because of the steam software. Valve realized that people love to be always practical these days, and that Steam provides it all by having many game tools in their system. People can buy million types of games, and upgrade their patches by only having a simple account and a Steam program. Therefore, it makes gamers and people’s life easier because they do not have to surf the website to find the game they need, and sometime the random website can get the computers infected by some spywares, and other viruses. Furthermore, they just can purchase it through this system online without going out to the stores to buy computer CD and install it. However, Valve has to make sure that Linux OS will keep up the quality of the Steam; otherwise, people may run back to Windows if there are no improvements from the recent system. Analysis and Critique: A Golden Chance for Linux OS Every individual need entertainment in their life, and I believe that every single person has ever played games in their life. This is because humans love games; in addition, people are having a strong bond to the world of information technology nowadays. Technology and especially computer or laptop supports the largest part of their life now, which plays a crucial role in people’s life. Individuals prefer to seek the most effective way or practical way for their life nowadays; in addition, they tend to spend more money, and do less effort for a service (Stahie, 2013). Most of the people in the current generation are fond of staying in their houses and use their credit card to purchase what they want from their own computers. Hence, they can have that service from Steam that provides a practical way to pur chase and downloading games. This Steam system services gives the positive impact to Linux OS because people start switching from windows to Linux OS; on the other hand, it inversely affects the other company firm such as windows. On the positive side, if they can improve the performance of Steam system it could be another invention to make the gamers life more practical. However, if we look on the negative side of this invention, sometimes it is dangerous if people cannot control themselves to spend an equal time in playing games and in their real life activities (Stahie, 2013). There are two big firms today in the computer business enjoying a great popularity in the society, as they provide great services in the technology industry. One of the largest businesses that they have is in gaming entertainment, as over a million people are addicted to computer online gaming today. Computer firms use this fact to generate profit for them. A decade ago, Windows led the computer gaming indu stry, back then people could install a CD that had 4-5 games of Valve, Half Life, and they could connect to the Internet and play online with other gamers. Thus, though founded 16 years ago by a couple of refugees from Microsoft, Valve make games that wild-eyed fans play until their thumbs hurt and dawn jabs through the curtains†(Wingfield, 2012). Sixteen Years ago Valve and Half Life worked together with Windows to create a game system that could entertain computer gamers effectively. In addition, there was

Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Climate Change Essay Today we can not question the realism of the climate change because the evidences of its effects to nature are already manifesting. The melting of the ice in north pole; the hurricanes this past years; the recurring drought; extreme weather changes; the rising of sea levels; and, the strong typhoons are only a few of these evidences. Even if we continue to ignore the threats associated with climate change, we can not deny nor alter the fact that it’s really happening. Despite the global buzz about climate change and its consequences, many individuals are still unaware of this phenomenon. So what then is climate change? How does it affect the planet we are living in? What can we do to alleviate this problem? Giving light to these aforementioned questions is the aim of this part of my paper. The climate of the earth is continuously changing but these changes are minimal and are often due to natural etiologies. However, recently the activities of mankind have brought about rigorous alterations in the earth’s climate. The recognition of these alterations of the earth’s climate led to the establishment of the climate change phenomenon. Today, the term climate change is used to refer to the massive modifications of the earth’s climate due to human activities. Climate change is the alteration in the normal pattern of the weather of an area over a period of time. This phenomenon is the manifestation of the irregular deviations from the usual climate inside the atmosphere of the Earth as well as its effects on the other components of this planet like the ice caps. The period of time involved in climate change can vary from a few years to millions of years (GreenFacts). Climate change is brought about by the amplified concentration of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere. CO2 is the greenhouse gas that is abundantly released into the earth’s atmosphere. The high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent the normal mechanism of solar energy retention in the earth’s atmosphere as well as its reflection back to the space (outside earth’s atmosphere). In short, these so called greenhouse gases causes heat from the sun (solar energy) to be trapped within the earth’s atmosphere increasing the normal temperature of the earth (GreenFacts). The greenhouse gases that are significant factors in the occurrence of the climate change phenomenon are emissions of human activities like fossil fuel burning for energy purposes; forests burn-offs; and, change in the usage of land. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary reason for the presence of extensively high carbon dioxide levels in the earth’s atmosphere. Prior to the start of human utilization of fossil fuels the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was 280 parts per million (ppm). However, at present the CO2 concentration is raised to 390 ppm. Each year the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increases by 1-2 ppm (GreenFacts). The consequences of climate change include the following: increasing seawater levels; melting of snow and ice in the mountains and polar regions; increasing occurrences of heat waves; drought; changes in the wind patterns; ocean salinity; escalating intensity of tropical cyclones; and, heavy precipitation. The climate change has enormous impact on the lives of humans and animals; the infrastructures; and, the environment. The production of food is highly affected by climate change and can cause intensive hunger in many of the world’s population if not alleviated. Various ecosystems have been destroyed such as coral reefs due to warming of the seawater; mangroves affected by drought or soil erosion; and, plant and animal species lost due to forest fires. The occurrence of more disease epidemics and malnutrition are likely if extensive action is delayed. In order to stop climate change, the greenhouse gas emissions should be decreased to significant levels if not eradicated. In line with this goal, various countries have instituted policies regarding the lowering greenhouse gases release into the atmosphere. There are policies that were agreed upon and adapted by various countries but the individual countries around the world showed varied efforts in handling this problem. II. Potential policies that can address climate change There are many potential policies that can be instituted to alleviate the harmful effects of climate change and in this paper three policies will be discussed. These policies are transportation efficiency; biofuels utilization; and, carbon capture from coal power plants. Transportation efficiency is a significant policy to alleviate the climate change dilemma. This is because the transportation sector (which includes passenger cars, aviation, rail road transport vehicles, and navigation) mainly utilize petroleum product fuels that is a considerable source of carbon dioxide emission. Transportation efficiency policy focuses on increasing the diversity of fuels utilized and upholding the effectiveness of the transport systems. This policy can reduce the CO2 emission through the following strategies: promoting the usage of fuel efficient vehicles; lowering the road vehicle jamming; promotion of mass transit systems; and, advancing the efficiency of existing vehicles (Barry et. Al. , 2008). The lessening of road vehicle jamming will have a significant impact on the CO2 emission reduction because vehicles stuck in traffic jams continuously combusts fuel and release CO2 in the atmosphere. Thus, smooth road travels mean deduction in the fuel utilization and also decrease in the emission of CO2. Another aspect that will be promoted in the transportation efficiency policy is the passenger’s greater usage of light rail transport. Light rail transport systems utilize other forms of energy producing mechanism in their operations which means less fuel combustion and less CO2 emission. Since the transportation sector is among the primary emitters of CO2 in the atmosphere The term biofuel refers to renewable energy sources that are produced from biomass (crops purposely planted for biofuels production or plant materials from agricultural and industry wastes). The usage of biofuel as source of energy gained popularity because of its renewable nature. It is widely known as a solution to the diminishing fossil fuel supply. Recently though biofuel is considered as potential solution to the reduction of CO2 emission in relation to the alleviation of climate change. Thus, biofuels utilization policy does not only benefit the economy but most significantly it will benefit the environment. Biofuels usage aides in the lowering of CO2 in the atmosphere through replacing the fossil fuels as energy sources and absorption of CO2 present in the atmosphere. The latter occurs when crops are purposely planted to be used as biofuel materials. Plants absorb atmospheric CO2 for their growth. Thus planting biofuel crops means absorption and reduction of atmospheric CO2. Also, the production of biofuels from biomass does not produce significant amounts of CO2 (U. S. Department of Energy, 1999). The various roles that biofuels can play in the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere verify the significance of biofuels policy in combating climate change. The coal power plants are also among the significant emitters of CO2 in the atmosphere. In United States alone, coal power plants contribute to 85 percent of the greenhouse gases released by the power sector (Geman et. al. ). Despite the high CO2 emission of coal power plants, it is still continuously used as the primary source of energy in countries like U. S. because no alternative energy source has yet been able to surpass its economic benefits. The high CO2 emission of coal power plants can be solved by the implementation of carbon capture policy. The installation of carbon capture system in coal power plants has been done in various countries. Among the pioneers of carbon capture system usage is the Elsam coal-fired power plant in Esbjerg, Denmark. The usage of carbon capture system among coal power plants can greatly reduce the carbon emission into the atmosphere without compromising the price of the electricity. III. The best policy option to address climate change In my point of view, the best policy option is transportation efficiency. This is because the realization of this policy’s goals will not only help in the reduction of carbon dioxide release in the atmosphere but will also ease the travel experience of passengers; reduce the transportation costs; and, safeguard public health. The transportation sector is the third major emitter of CO2 in the atmosphere. Thus, ensuring that the transport sector emits significantly reduced amounts of CO2 is equivalent to decreasing a huge percentage of the total CO2 emission. The transportation efficiency policy though has a high complex nature because it encompasses infrastructures like road and light rail stations; vehicle manufacturing; traffic regulations; and, fuel policies like alternative fuels. The complexity of these strategies needed for the transportation efficiency policy implementation though is worth all the effort because of this policy’s vast benefits. The dilemma on climate change though can not be alleviated by the implementation of only one policy. The complexity of this problem necessitates the execution of various policies and strategies as well as cooperation of all the nations around the world. Even though some countries already practice methodologies to combat this problem, if other countries will not reduce their greenhouse gases emissions the problem will continue to get worse. A unified action the nations of the world is needed to significantly resolve climate change. Works Cited Barry, J. and Allen, A. M. Survey of Policies and Programs that Promote Fuel-Efficient Transport in APEC Economies. 2008.Alliance to Save Energy. 25 March 2009. Geman, B. and Gronewold, N. Coal-Fired Power Plants Will Need Better Carbon Capture and Storage Technology. Scientific American. 25 March 2009 http://www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=coal-fired-power-plants-carbon-capture Greenfacts. Scientific Facts on Climate Change. 2007. IPCC. 25 March 2009. http://www. greenfacts. org/en/climate-change-ar4/climate-change-ar4-greenfacts-level2. pdf U. S. Department of Energy. Biofuels: A Solution for Climate Change. September 1999. http://www. nrel. gov/docs/fy99osti/24052. pdf

Theory Of European Integration Politics Essay

Theory Of European Integration Politics Essay Many theories on European integration have emerged after the terrible events of World War II. They tried to explain how political actors in distinct national settings will shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities in order to unify and create a stable political and economic alliance throughout the Europe. (Haas, Ernst B., 1968: The Uniting of Europe. 1950-1957. Stanford: Stanford UP, p. 16). The main theories at that time were Functionalism, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, Liberal Intergovernmentalism and Federalism. In this essay most competing theories revolving around the process of European Integration will be compared. They are the Liberal Intergovernmental approach created by Andrew Moravcsik and Neo-Functionalism was developed by Earns Haas. I agree with Liberal Intergovernmental theory of European integration as it provides a more useful utility to explain the creation of the community and how various actors behave within the European system compar ed to Neo-Functional approach. LI is also better, because it has achieved this dominant status due to its theoretical soundness, empirical power, and utility as a foundation for synthesis with other explanations regarding regional and European Integration (Moravcsik, Schimmelfennig 2009: 67). This statement will be further developed by contrasting main assumptions of these theories, as well as observing causal relationships in political facts in case of the Single European Act (SEA) which happened in the process of establishing a union amongst European countries (Sabine, George H., 1968: A history of political theory. London: Harrap, p. V). The largest discourse in theorising European Integration happened around two theories Neo-functionalism and Liberal Intergovernmentalism. Neo-functionalism was created in the mid-1950s. The main thinker was Earns Haas who developed this theory in his work The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (Cini 2004, p. 81). He tried to find out how regional cooperation and development were linked to the integration in Latin America and Europe. However later, the theory became associated with the European Union, since economic and political integration was much more developed there, compared to Latin America (Cini 2004, p.83). Before the creation of Intergovernmentalism, Neo-functionalism (a pluralist theory) seemed to provide a better explanation of the European Integration (EI). It explained how and why they (states) voluntarily mingle, merge and mix with their neighbours so as to lose the factual attributes of sovereignty while acquiring new techniques for resolving con ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ict between themselves (Haas 1970: 610). The most prominent ideas of neo-functionalists were the spillover effects which push the EI, as nation states are interdependent. They also stressed importance of non-state actors in international politics. Haas argued, that they way in which countries behave on international arena was a direct outcome of a pluralistic political process. Other actors, like institutions within the state and interest groups influenced decisions of the government. This fact shaped the way the states behave, thus shaped the European Integration. Neo-functionalists often use activities of multinational corporations to show how various non-governmental actors shape international politics. But the prime example to prove the assumption, that non-state actors are very important in EI is the European Commission. As it was considered to be in unique position it is a non-state actor, it can shape both international and domestic pressures on governments of European states to promote the EI, despite the fact that some governments might not look forward to collaborate. This way Neo-Functionalism places major emphasis on the role of non-governmental actors; governments are important actors in the process as well. Neo-Functionalism view spillover as a driving force of the EI. Broad political integration derives from economic integration between the states which is the cause of close cooperation in particular economic policy sector. This process can be understood by a concept of spillover, as explained by Lindberg (1963: 10): In its most general formulation, spillover refers to a situation in which a given action, related to a speci ¬Ã‚ c goal, creates a situation in which the original goal can be assured only by taking further actions, which in turn create a further condition and a need for more action, and so forth There are several types of spillovers in NF theory. The main are the political and functional. The functional spillover may be explained as a situation where integration in one economic sector will foster integration in other policy areas. So functional pressures are created for further integration within and beyond that policy area. As a result, economies of nation states will entangle. As integration expands social interests will change towards supranational centre and the need for further European institutionalisation will arise (Rosamond, Ben, 2000: Theories of European Integration. Houndsmills: MacMillan, p. 51-52). As a result of functional spillover, it can be seen that industrial economies are interconnected. So it is not possible to separate one policy area from another. This implies a political spillover which is involved in creating political pressures in order to promote integration in states involved in functional spillover. As soon as one policy area is created, various actors interested in its development will seek ways in which they can have influence at the supranational level. As for example, the development of ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) will make consumer groups, trade unions and lobbysts from coal and steel communities to switch from national governments to the new supranational agency the High Authority. Later on actors will appreciate the benefits opened to them as a result of the integration. They will further advocate integration to eliminate barriers imposed by governments prior to integration. the process of community formation is dominated by nationally constituted groups with speci ¬Ã‚  c interests and aims, willing and able to adjust their aspirations by turning to supranational means when this course appears pro ¬Ã‚ table(Haas 1966: xxxiv). Based on Hoffmanns work, which criticised Neo-functionalism, Andrew Moravcsik created an improved version of the integration process explanation. To prove that the new Liberal Intergovernmental approach is better it is important to fully understand its theoretical basis. Liberal Intergovernmental (LI) theory tries to explain the process of European Integration. It starts by recognising political actors and trying to find which roles did they take during the Integration. In order to agree or disagree with the theory it is essential to understand who the actors are and what they do. LI theory emphasises the national governments being the most important actors. I agree with this point, as I find that the state governments are the main drivers of integration compared to supranational actors and institutions as Neo-functionalism argues. States achieve their goals through intergovernmental bargaining. But they only negotiate, if their national interest is concerned. It may be observed that this way national governments are the most powerful drivers of the European Integration, as they control the pace and deepness of unification with other countries. The reason for the power lies in the nature of the state government. All of the members are democratically elected, which makes them unique in the integration process. The governments also possess legal sovereignty. Taking into account facts and assumptions of Liberal Intergovernmentalism it could be seen that this explanation of integration process is more elucidating. Liberal Intergovernmentalism implies that states are rational. It means that the state government will closely examine all the possible options given in any question which concerns their national interest. Then it chooses the one which maximises profit for the state, thus satisfying the national interest. In The Choice for Europe (1998), Moravcsik explains how governments operate together. It is based on two assumptions of LI theory: a) states are the most influential actors; b) states are rational in their actions. Firstly, they state what is the most important for their nation (preferences), and then they bargain and negotiate with other governments to achieve a most effective consensus for both. In third place, they order the existent supranational institutions or create new ones in order to ensure that their decisions will be implemented and secured afterwards. (Moravcsik / Schimmelpfennig p.70f) It may be seen that LI theorists do not deny the existence of other actors institutions, bodies and interest groups (for example civil servants and officials within the state) in their explanation of integration. These actors could also affect the process and decisions made, but their influence is rather marginal in the creation of global international system. Neo-Functionalist theory emphasises how important the role of them are, but these national and supranational actors do not play a significant role in European Integration as they are merely used by national governments only when the latter pursue national interest.

The Dynamics of Power in South Africa and Palestine :: South Africa Palestine Power Essays

The Dynamics of Power in South Africa and Palestine For over a hundred years, whites consolidated their power in predominantly black South Africa. In the last fifty years, Israelis have played a major hand in dispersing and oppressing the Palestinian people. Edward Said believes that â€Å"The relationship between Occident and Orient is a relationship of power, of domination, of varying degrees of a complex hegemony† (Orientalism 133). Though the geographic reference of this quotation seems less applicable to South Africa, Said’s intuition into the complexity of race relations between oppressors and the oppressed still rings true. Nadine Gordimer’s two short stories, â€Å"Once Upon a Time† and â€Å"The Moment Before the Gun Went Off,† and Edward Said’s work â€Å"After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives† describe the power structures in South Africa and Palestine, respectively. Both authors clearly depict situations in which one group wields disproportionate authority in its relationship with another group. This parallel confusedly meets the oblique disparities between black/white and Jew/non-Jew interaction. In the exclusive context of Gordimer’s two short stories and Said’s piece, the hegemonies in South Africa and in Palestine are maintained in similar fashion, but with greatly differing results. Both black South Africans and Palestinians are forced to live in segregated, poor communities and are subject to dehumanizing legislation. Gordimer’s story, â€Å"Once Upon a Time,† speaks of economic and racial segregation explicitly: â€Å"There were riots, but they were outside the city, where a people of another color were quartered† (Gordimer 25). The classism and condescension of the white residents is clear as they recall with contempt those black robbers who snagged stores of fine alcohol: â€Å"the thieves wouldn’t even have been able to appreciate what it was they were drinking† (27). Moreover, they speak disdainfully of the unemployed blacks who spoiled â€Å"a beautiful suburb† (27) â€Å"only by their presence† (27). As Said painfully depicts, Palestinians find themselves in a very similar position in a system of â€Å"virtual apartheid† (Said 142). He describes the process through which Palestinians are â€Å"herded into new camps† (19) and their â€Å"identity is confined to frightened little islands in an inhospitable environment of superior military force† (19). Said paints a sad picture of the poor and destitute nature of life in the Palestinian refugee camps. Physical and economic segregation leaves both black South Africans and Palestinians on the outside, looking in. A critical difference between the power hierarchies in these two countries lies in the level of integration and the nature of the interaction between oppressors and the oppressed.

Project Management and Coffee Shop Essay

Mission/ Purpose We are A coffee Shop aim to achieve consumer satisfaction by providing fresh brew coffee and teas at guarantied the best prices. We strive to provide a comfortable and welcoming atmosphere. In addition, we will try to preserve our reputation of providing an excellent quality of coffee. SOW The coffee shop project contains a few renovations to an old building. It is my idea to create a vintage cafà © with hopes of attracting tourists as well as locals. I hope that the idea of a vintage cafà © in the hustle of the city attracts people as well as provides them with a sense of ease and relaxation. The renovation ideas include adding new, small, dim lights throughout the ceiling, repainting the walls, the addition of darkly colored wooden floor, purchasing and hanging up vintage style pictures and memorabilia. The use of small round tables and country styled chairs. We hope to renovate a new central air system. The project will start on the 5thof January and Finish by the 26th of February. This project will include a contingency of 50%. A project management team will be assigned to manage all renovations. Objectives In our efforts as a coffee shop the objective is to provide a unique project to a community that is located only minutes from all major subway and bus stops and has many openings in the busiest location throughout the five boroughs. Business Need We are in the business of clearly understanding our project requirements and this includes choosing coffee shop activities that enable my team to accomplish true desire, while monitoring performance during and at the end of the project. We the coffee shop are focusing on meeting real needs so therefore this project main goal is to establish itself in multiple locations throughout the state and eventually throughout the country to reach an overall goal of customer satisfaction as well as a prosperous business. Project Manager and Stakeholders Project leader is no other than Earnesto the stakeholders of this project are the satisfied consumers. Milestones The Key milestones of the coffee shop are to establish its renowned name through at least Five locations throughout the state; Twenty locations throughout the tri-state area; and possibly forty locations throughout the country. Budget The order-of-magnitude budget for this project is to improve our efficiency by 30 percent. Budget cont. (Monthly) Legal/ administrative fees $20,000.00 Renovations (painting, flooring, etc) $50,000.00 Contingency Allowance (Plan A) (20%) (Plan B) $25,000.00 $15,000.00 Business Insurance $15,000.00 Supplies (cups, coffee, stirrers, coffee makers, blenders, cash registers, $10,000.00 Staff Payment $5,000.00 Total Budget $140,000.00 User Acceptance Criteria/Quality The minimum success criteria as defined by the key stakeholders are to assure that our customers are always satisfied with their orders from our business, as well as the locations, set up and environment of the business. High-Level Project Assumptions A constant flow of customers in addition to first time customers will enable us to assume that we are conducting and carrying our business successfully. High-Level Project Constraints  Limiting factors that affect the project is ensuring that the majority of our customers enjoy our brews and blends with different selections of coffee as well as our dà ©cor and arrangement of the facility. We must cater to the public’s desire and keep up to date in order to progress as a business. Exclusions and Boundaries Boundaries of the project include making sure that we have appropriate and professional staff; That our overall interior and exterior design is attractive, that the staff is welcoming, customer satisfaction, etc. Major Risks The Risks affecting the project is that we must set up the next branch of the coffee shop in an area where we are sure that we will profit the most because if we set up in an unsuccessful area we may not profit which ultimately will risk the progression of our business.

Definition and Examples of Formal Prose Style

Definition and Examples of Formal Prose Style In composition, formal style is a broad term for speech or writing marked by an impersonal, objective, and precise use of language. A formal prose style is typically used in orations, scholarly books and articles, technical reports, research papers, and legal documents. Contrast with informal style  and colloquial style. In The Rhetorical Act (2015), Karlyn Kohrs Campbell et al. observe that formal prose is strictly  grammatical  and uses complex sentence structure and precise, often technical  vocabulary. Informal prose is  less strictly grammatical and uses short, simple sentences and ordinary, familiar words. Observations Whenever we speak or write, we make certain assumptions about what kind of language is appropriate to the situation at hand. Basically, this amounts to deciding how formal or informal to be. Rhetorical style ranges from the formality of a presidential address or scholarly article on the one hand to the informality of a radio or TV interview or a conversation- perhaps even a text or twitter message- with a friend on the other. Generally speaking, as style becomes more informal, it becomes more conversational or colloquial.(Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, Susan Schultz Huxman, and Thomas A. Burkholder, The Rhetorical Act: Thinking, Speaking and Writing Critically, 5th ed. Cengage, 2015)Formal and Informal StylesToday rhetoricians speak of formal and informal styles. The former is characterized by more advanced vocabulary, longer, more complex sentences, use of one instead of you, and is appropriate for more formal occasions such as lectures, scholarly papers, or ceremonial addresses. The inform al style has feature such as contractions, the use of the first and second person pronouns I and you, simpler vocabulary, and shorter sentences. It is appropriate for informal essays and certain kinds of letters.(Winifred Bryan Horner, Rhetoric in the Classical Tradition. St. Martins, 1988) The tone is polite, but impersonal. The pronoun you isnt usually appropriate in formal writing.The language of formal writing doesnt include contractions, slang, or humor. It is often technical. In an attempt to avoid pronouns like I, you, and me, some writers overuse the passive voice, which makes their writing stuffy and indirect.Sentence structure includes lengthy sentences with complex subordination, long verb phrases, and the expletive pronouns it and there for subjects. Since the information content of formal, technical, or legal documents is high, both readers and writers expect the reading pace to be slower than in informal writing.Characteristics of a Formal Style- Formal style is characterized by long and complex sentences, a scholarly vocabulary, and a consistently serious tone. Grammatical rules are scrupulously observed, and the subject matter is substantial. The selection may include references to literary works or allusions to historical and classical figures. Absent a re contractions, colloquial expressions, and an identified speaker, with impersonal one or the reader frequently used as the subject.(Fred Obrecht, Minimum Essentials of English, 2nd ed. Barrons, 1999)- These are some typical characteristics of formal style: Formal style is appropriate for official documents, computer documentation, scholarly articles and books, technical reports, or letters with a negative message.(Deborah Dumaine. Instant-Answer Guide to Business Writing. Writers Club Press, 2003)